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The use of war pretext in foreign policy has been studied for decades. Several theories have established how pretext are used to manage public opinions about war. Arguably, the U.S. government uses pretext to obscure the awkwardness of justifying aggressive or offensive activities to the public. U.S. accusations of Iran�s development of nuclear weapons give justification for imposing economic sanctions, but it is an act of war. Public Law 112-158 penalizes states that pay Iran for its oil. Given its current economic weakness, the U.S. government must wield its military power to retain its global preeminence. Oil that is not traded in dollars threatens to collapse the U.S. economic system and the dollar�s dominance as the world�s currency. This paper contends that Public Law 112-158 is a war pretext to escalate plans to attack Iran. The U.S. government is ultimately fighting for its continued hegemonic existence.

This report provides an overview of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and discusses current legal and legislative developments.

Jones reviews 'Political Policing: The United States and Latin America' by Martha K. Huggins.

With recent educational demands placed on academic accountability, it is difficult for many people to determine or acknowledge where or how focusing on social and emotional learning (SEL) can be beneficial. In this paper we focus on principals' beliefs and attitudes about social and emotional learning. Principals influence implementation through their school priorities, vision, expectations, and emphases. We used grounded theory techniques and semi-structured interviews with K-8th grade principals of public schools located in a state in the southeastern United States. When describing principals' beliefs and attitudes, late majority adopters held neutral attitudes and weak beliefs regarding SEL. In addition, a lack of understanding of the SEL concept became evident as principals did not express a clear understanding of SEL. Comprehensive training at the administrative and policy level is needed. Principals should implement targeted staff training providing key strategies for intentionally integrating SEL skills into their current curriculum.

Despite the appearance of political and military stability, Egypt may be standing at the edge of a precipice as the state remains grounded in rigid authoritarianism while the population, including a struggling civil society, readies itself to make the leap to democratization. This characterization has far-reaching implications for relations between citizens and the government, as well as Egypt's foreign affairs posture, particularly in the Middle East. State repression of civil, political, and religious actors, the ineffectual provision of social services, and two religious divides, between Co.

Recent investigations have elucidated the influence of the strong Black woman (SBW) ideal on the mental health and treatment-seeking behaviors of Black women in the United States. However, factors related to how the SBW ideal affects Black women's positive and negative attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help have yet to be identified. The current study fills this void in the literature through a qualitative examination of how the SBW ideal affects Black women's mental health utilization. Analyses were based on 62 participants, including college students and community members, ranging in age from 18 to 72 years. The present study advances the idea that endorsement of the SBW ideal affects Black women's mental utilization. These results offer evidence and clarification of the impact of the SBW ideal on Black women's mental health and identity-specific points of intervention for mental health practitioners conducting therapeutic work with Black women. Authors provide practice recommendations for practitioners and suggestions for future research.

AbstractThis study investigated five different trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) (one hormone: 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2), two pharmaceuticals: salicylic acid (SA) and trimethoprim (TMP), one analgesic drug: carbamazepine (CBZ), and one surfactant metabolite: nonylphenol (NP)) removal efficiency at a full‐scale Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWTP). The AWTP achieved average EE2, SA and NP removal over 80% at the biological carbon removal stages. The results also showed a 66% removal of TMP at the nitrogen removal stages. CBZ was recalcitrant throughout the plant, due to its high solubility and low distribution coefficient between wastewater and sludge. Batch experiments were conducted on active and inactive secondary, nitrification and denitrification sludge by adding TOrCs to understand the removal mechanism through sorption and biodegradation. Sorption was the dominant mechanism to remove EE2, SA and NP in secondary treatment processes. In nitrification and denitrification processes, higher percentage of TOrCs removal through biodegradation were observed compared to removal through sorption.